上海曾受中央有关部门的委托,翻译一种法律条文。笔者应邀参加其第二稿的审稿会议。兹选其中一个条文的汉语原文和译文(第二稿),以说明法律条文英译中应该注意的若干事项,供今后同类翻译工作之参考。
Ⅰ.原文
第三十七条,违反本法规定,有下列行为之一的,环境保护部门或者交通部门的航政机关可以根据不同情节,给予警告或者处以罚款:
(一)拒报或者谎报国务院环境保护部门规定的有关污染物排放申报登记事项的;
(二)建设项目的水污染防治设施没有建成或者没有达到国家有关建设项目环境保护管理的规定的要求,投入生产或者使用的;
(三)拒绝环境保护部门或者有关监督管理部门现场检查,或者弄虚作假的;
(四)违反本法第四章、第五章有关规定,贮存、堆放、弃置、倾倒、排放污染物、废弃物的;
(五)不按国家规定缴纳排污费或者超标准排污费的罚款的办法和数额由本法实话细则规定。
Ⅱ.译文(二稿)
Article 37 Persons found guilty of violation of the regulations of this law by any of the following acts, shall be warned or fined by the environmental departments or navigation organs of the communication department according to the degree of seriousness of the offense:
(1) Refusal to report or untruthfulness in reporting matters required for registration by regulations concerning the discharge of effluent pollutants;
(2) Putting into operation or utilizing water pollution control facilities the construction of which has not yet been completed or does not meet the requirements of the state environment protection specified for the said construction project;
(3) Refusal to accept field examination by environmental departments or other supervisory authorities concerned therewith, or resorting to falsification;
(4) Violation of the relevant clauses in chapter IV and chapter V of this law concerning storage, piling, abandonment, dumping and releasing pollutants and wastes;
(5) Non―payment of charges levied in accordance with the regulations set by the State for pollutant effluent or for exceeding the pollutant limits;
The levying methods and the amounts of the fines shall be specified in the procedural rules of this law.
Ⅲ.问题讨论
一、上列译文第一段,从总体看,不够精确简练,兹分述如下:
(一)序言以“found guilty of violation of the regulations of this law”译“违反本法规定”,看来很忠实,实际上过于拖沓:
(甲)“found guilty of violation”,可以“violating”代替;
(乙)“the regulations of this law”,可简化为“this law”。“regulations”不仅是衍文,而且就其含义而论,亦属用词不切。因为在层次上,“regulations”是次于“law”且不同于“law”的行为规范。“law”是“law”,“regulations”是“regulations”;“law”中没有“regulations”。“law”是由“provisions”(即“规定”)所组成,因此即使一定要把“本法规定”逐字译出,亦宜译作“the provisions of this law”,但看来似无此必要。
(二)再说,“Persons found guilty of violation of…”其含义不就是“Violators of…”吗?
(三)还有,“any of the following acts”中的“acts”亦可删去。既然“以下”(原文一至五项)所列举的都是“行为”即“acts”,那么只要说“any of the following”就足够了。
(四)关于同段译文“according to the degree of seriousness of the offense”,似同原文“根据不同情节”有所不同。因严重程度如何仅是情节的一个方面,故宜改用“(up) on the merits of the case”(这是法律英语中的常用语)。
二、译文之“(1)”在语法上把“refusal to report”与“untruthfulness in reporting”并列,但“refusal”虽可表示行为而“untruthfulness in reporting”却不是行为,而且“谎报”可简单地译作“false report”。为求精确简洁,译文在结构上宜把“拒报”和“谎报”的“报”字统一起来用同一个词语表达,如“submitting no or false report”。
三、译文之(2),与原意不合,按原文,“投入生产或者使用”的,是“建设项目”;而按译文,则“投入生产或者使用”的,却是“水污染防治设施”了。
应该说,原文也有毛病(如把第一个“的”字改为“其”字,也许会好一些),但译者应通过原文文字确切理解其精神实质。因此,译文(2)中“water pollution control facilities”应改作“a (construction) project”(虽仅用“project”在上下文中亦无歧义)。
即使就译文(2)论译文(2),“which”从句,至少也可简化为“which is either incomplete or below the requirements…”。该从句内“requirements…for the said construction project”中的“the said”不仅是赘文,而且同原文之泛指各种同类的“建设项目”有所不同,故宜改作“… for such projects”。
译文把“生产”译作“operation”,而把“使用”译作“utilizing”,似亦有未当。“operation”亦是一种“utilizing”,故宜改作“operating or otherwise utilizing”。
此外,原文“国家……规定”,但在译文中被误解为“国家环境保护”而译作“State environmental protection”了。
四、译文(3)中:“Refusal to accept…examination”可简化为“Refusal to be…examined”。
五、译文(4)的主要问题在于一系列“―ing forms”无所依傍,故全文须改变结构。
六、译文(5)中,“levied”系衍文且为原意所无。
七、译文最后一段的首部“The levying methods”宜改用法律文字中更为习用的“The procedure”。
Ⅳ.建议译文
综上所述,并根据全文的上下文,建议改译为:
Article 37 Any violator this law shall, upon the merits of the case, be warned or fined by the competent environmental protection department or the navigation administration of the competent communications departments for any of the following:
(1)Submitting no or false report on such registration items as required by the environmental protection department of the State Council for the discharge of pollutants;
(2) Putting into operation or otherwise using a project whose water pollution control facilities are either incomplete or below the requirements specified in the national regulations on environmental specified management for such projects;
(3) Refusing to be inspected on the spot by the competent environmental protection department or supervisory authority, or resorting to intentional misrepresentation;
(4) Storing, piling, abandoning, dumping or discharging any pollutant or waste in violation of chapters IV and V of this law;
(5)Failing to pay the fee for pollutant discharge or for its exceedance according to national regulations.
The procedure for and the amount of the fine to be imposed hereunder shall be stipulated in the detailed rules for enforcement of this law.
V.几点体会
由于经济立法涉及所调整的经济关系、法律技术和语言技能等三个方面,因此,在从事这类翻译时适当吸收有关专家参与译事,对保证译文质量是不可缺少的先决条件。
英语法律文字要求简洁明确,含义不得模糊,行文不能拖沓。因此译文必须运用最合理的词语、结构和文体手段,来达到这一要求。可是很多从事汉译英的同志都有这样的体会:有时,通过翻译,译者会发现原文有词不达意或不合文理之处。这在文艺翻译,也许要以含糊还含糊才算得了是等值。但是,在法律翻译中遇有类似情况,译者却不能纯客观地以含糊或不通的文字,探究其实质含义,从而根据其实质含义而不是只根据其含糊或不通的文字进行翻译。
由于法律翻译工作的需要日益增加,一定会有更多的同志参加法律文字翻译。为集思广益互相交流,希望有关刊物,特别是希望其中影响最大的《中国翻译》和《法学研究》等杂志,多加关心,以资促进。